Principal terpene hydrocarbons and their sources
| Compound | Form | Present in Essential oil of: |
|---|---|---|
| Monoterpenes | ||
| Acyclic | ||
| Myrcene | b | Bay, hop, verbena (Lippia citriodora) |
| Ocimene | Basil (Ocimum basilicum and other spp) | |
| Monocyclic | ||
| Camphene | Siberian pine needle, cypress, camphor, eucalyptus, ginger, lavender, lemon, nutmeg, orange, American and Russian turpentine, citronella, valerian, rosemary, thyme | |
| D3-carene | Indian turpentine, Scandinavian turpentine, pine needle, galangal, Pinus sylvestris | |
| D4-carene | Cubeb, pine needle, turpentine | |
| Dipentene | Cardamom, citronella, cinnamon leaf, coriander, cumin, fennel, lemongrass, myrrh, nutmeg, olibanum, palmarosa, pepper, pine needle, star anise, turpentine | |
| Limonene | Caraway, celery, dill, elemi, fennel, grapefruit, lemon, lime, mandarin, orange, petitgrain, peppermint, pine needle, Russian turpentine, spearmint, star anise | |
| Pinene | a | Greek turpentine, Russian turpentine, Spanish turpentine, Austrian turpentine, coriander, cumin, lemon, peppermint, parsley seed, rosemary, sage |
b | Galbanum, fir needle, petitgrain, coriander, cumin, lemon, nutmeg, rosemary, thyme | |
| Phellandrene | a | Cinnamon bark, elemi, fennel, gingergrass, allspice |
b | Angelica, ginger, star anise, pepper | |
| Sabinene | Cardamom, marjoram, orthodon, savin, cubeb | |
| Terpinene | Coriander, cardamom, savin, cumin, ajowan, lemon, thyme | |
| Terpinolene | Coriander, elemi | |
| Sesquiterpenes | ||
| Monocyclic | ||
| Bisabolene | a, b, d | Bergamot, camphor, cardamom, lemon, lime, opoponax, Siberian pine needle, star anise |
| Curcumene | Curcuma aromatica | |
| Zingiberene | Ginger | |
| Bicyclic | ||
| Cadinene | Amyris, cade, cubeb, cypress, juniper, camphor, galbanum, lemongrass, olibanum, pepper | |
| Caryophyllene | a | Clove bud and stem, hop |
b | Clove bud and stem, cinnamon bark and leaf, amyris | |
| Lumulene | Hop | |
| Santalene | a, b | Sandalwood |
| Selinene | Selery | |
| Diterpenes | ||
| Camphorene | a, b | Camphor |
| Chamazulene | Chamomile | |
Principal oxygenated terpenoids and their sources
| Compound | Form | Present in the essential oil of: |
|---|---|---|
| Monoterpene Alcohols | ||
| Aliphatic | ||
| Citronellol | Java citronella, geranium, Eucalyptus citriodora, savim, Spanish verbena, Réunion geranium, Bulgarian rose | |
| Geraniol | Palmarosa, rose, geranium, citronella, lemongrass, linaloe, lavender, coriander, ylang-ylang, neroli, petitgrain | |
| Linalool | Mexican linaloe, rosewood, nutmeg, orange, coriander, Orthodon spp., Japonese ho, lavender, spike lavender, lavandin, clary sage, bergamot, neroli, petitgrain, lemon, lime, basil, geranium, cinnamon bark | |
| Nerol | Neroli bigarade, petitgrain, rose, Mexican linaloe, lavender, bergamot, citronella | |
| Monocyclic | ||
| Carveol | Caraway, spearmint | |
| Dihydro carveol | Caraway, Mentha spp. | |
| Dihydro-a-terpineol | American turpentine, pine | |
| Mentol | Peppermint, Mentha arvensis | |
| Neomentol | Mentha arvensis | |
| Perillyl alcohol | Gingergrass, bergamot, savin, monarda, lavandin, spearmint | |
| Pulegol | Not found free in nature but is intermediate in the formation of menthol | |
| Isopulegol | Lemongrass, in other oils in association with citronellal | |
| Terpineol | Cupressus spp., cardamom, star anise, marjoram, clary sage, neroli, savory, lavandin, lemon, lime, cinnamon leaf, Mexican linaloe, Eucalyptus globulus, petitgrain | |
| Bicyclic | ||
| Borneol | Nutmeg, olibarum, rosemary, lavender, spike lavender, ginger, pine, citronella, coriander, valerian | |
| Myrtenol | Myrtle, Spanish eucalyptus | |
| Pinocampheol | Hyssop | |
| Pinocarveol | Eucalyptus | |
| Sabinol | Savin, Cupressus spp. | |
| Thujyl alcohol | Wormwood | |
| Sesquiterpene Alcohols | ||
| Aliphatic | ||
| Farnesol | Ambrette seed, neroli bigarade, rose, cananga, citronella, lemongrass, palmarosa, and many floral oils | |
| Nerolidol | Neroli bigarade, balsam Peru, balsam Tolu, ylang-ylang | |
| Monocyclic | ||
| Elemol | Elemi, Java citronella | |
| Zingiberol | Ginger | |
| Bicyclic | ||
a - Cadinol | Galbanum, amyris, cubeb, cade, Java citronella | |
| Guaiol | Guaiac wood | |
a - Santalol | East Indian sandalwood | |
| Monoterpene Aldehydes | ||
| Citral (geranial and neral) | Lemongrass, monarda, Eucalyptus spp., Leptospermum citrata, Backhousia citriodora, Java citronella, lemon, lime, ginger | |
| Citronellal (rhodinal) | Citronella, Eucalyptus citriodora and other spp., lemon, rose Backhousia citriodora, Litsea cubeba, lemon, tangerine, Ocimum spp. | |
| Monoterpene Ketones | ||
| Monocyclic | ||
| Carvone | Caraway, dill seed and dill weed, spearmint, gingergrass | |
| Dihydrocarvone | Caraway | |
| Menthone | Nepeta Japonica, Pennyroyal, peppermint, buchu leaf, Calamintha nepeta | |
| Isomenthone | Pennyroyal, Geranium | |
| Piperitone | Mentha arvensis, Andropogon spp., Cymbopogon spp., Eucaliptus spp. | |
| Pulegone | Pennyroyal, Mentha arvensis, Calamintha nepeta | |
| Bicyclic | ||
| Camphor | Camphor tree, sassafras, spike lavender, Basil, Dalmatian sage | |
| Fenchone | Fennel | |
| Santenone | East Indian sandalwood | |
| Thujone | Thuja, Tansy, wormwood, Dalmatian sage, and other spp. | |
| Verbenone | Spanish verbena, Eucaliptus spp. | |
| Sesquiterpene Ketones | ||
| Turmerone | Turmeric | |
| Ionone | a | In many floral oils |
b | Raspberry distillate | |
| Irone | a | Orris root, Raspberry distillate |