Instrumentation

The decision on an analytical procedure is based not only on the cost of purchase, maintenance and repair but also on the cost of personnel, training and also on the time required for sample preparation and performance of the measurement itself.

Test strips and electrodes

Direct use in turbid or coloured samples which require no sample preparation.

Infrared reflection measurements

Solid samples can be analysed, however the necessary calibration standards require very extensive analysis.

Photometric measurements

Requires sample preparation if specific analysis methods are used.

Physicochemical separations techniques followed by detection of the separated substances

Require highly sophisticated equipment and sample preparation.